chapter 12 vocab
closed canopy- forest with tree crowns that cover over twenty percent of the ground
open canopy- forest or woodland in which tree crowns cover less than twenty percent of the ground
old-growth forests- remnants of ancient forests that contain most of the worlds biodiversity, endangered species and indiginous peoples
industrial timber- and roundwood are used to produce lumber, plywood, veneer, particalboard, and chipboard
fuelwood- 1/2 the wood harvested, used for heating and cooking
forest management- involves planning for sustainable harvests, specific attention is paid to forest regeneration
monoculture forestry- intensive production of a singular species of tree
milpa agriculture- slash and burn agriculture, burned trees provide a rich seedbed for new plants
swidden agriculture- same as milpa, just a different name for field
mixed perennial polyculture- when maize, rice and up to 80 other crops are planted in a riotous profusion
debt-for-nations swaps- conservation organizations buy land that is tied up by the bank in order to keep it from harms way
clear cutting- most common method of harvesting, every tree is in a given area is cut regardless of size
selective cutting- least disruptive method, small percentage of the mature trees are taken in each ten to twenty year rotation
salvage logging- removal of dead or dying trees from forests damaged by fire or disease
pasture- enclosed or managed grasslands
rangelands- unfenced, natural prairie and open woodlands which make up about twice the area of the worlds croplands
desertification- the process of denuding and degrading a once fertile land initiates a desert-producing cycle that feeds on itself
rotational grazing- confining animals to a small area for a short time before shifting them to a new location
land reform- seek the redistribution of landownership(radical means have been the civil war)
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